![]() Alveolar type I cells: molecular phenotype and development. Cell numbers and cell characteristics in the normal lung. 2002 73:892–9.Ĭrapo JD, Barry BE, Gehr P, Bachoen M, Weibel ER. Thoracic duct tributaries from intrathoracic organs. Riquet M, Le Pimpec Barthes F, Souilamas R, et al. Bronchial arteries and lymphatics of the lung. Naming the bronchopulmonary segments and the development of pulmonary surgery. Small-airway disease in asthma: pharmacological considerations. Dilemmas, confusion, and misconceptions related to small airways directed therapy. Comparison of planar and tomographic gamma scintigraphy to measure the penetrating index of inhaled aerosols. Phipps PR, Gonda I, Bailey DC, Borham P, Bautovich G, Anderson SD. Involvement of upper-airway muscles in extrapyramidal disorders. Vincken WG, Gauthier SG, Dollfuss RE, Hanson RE, Darauay CM, Cosio MG. The role of inspiratory dynamic compression in upper airway obstruction. In: Crystal RG, West JB, Weibel ER, Barnes PJ, editors. Particle deposition in the human respiratory tract. J Appl Physiol Respirat Environ Exercise Physiol. Measurement of tracheal and bronchial mucus velocities in man: relation to clearance. Anatomy of the trachea, carina, and bronchi. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone 2003. Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system and the pulmonary circulation. Factors affecting upper airway resistance in conscious man. Pressure-diameter relationships of the upper airway in awake supine subjects. Wheatley JR, Kelly WT, Tully A, Engel LA. Palate and hypopharynx – sites of inspiratory narrowing of the upper airway during sleep. Many drugs employed during cardiothoracic surgery will impact the lung’s intrinsic mechanisms to match ventilation to perfusion matching either directly on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) or indirectly by altering cardiac output or vascular resistance. The compliance and resistance of the respiratory system will change during the course of surgery, especially those procedures requiring one-lung ventilation, and may necessitate frequent adjustments of the ventilator to optimize gas exchange and reduce lung injury. Dynamic influences of ventilatory pattern, posture, body habitus, agitation or pain, and inflammation can cause “air trapping” and drastically reduce alveolar ventilation. The anesthetic employed, both general and regional, will impact the control of respiration, reactivity of the airways, and the patient’s ability to maintain their airway, take a deep breath, and cough. ![]() ![]() The lung has ten (third-generation airway) bronchopulmonary segments on the right and eight segments on the left that are readily identifiable by fiberoptic bronchoscopy (two segmental bronchi on the left are considered “fused”). Knowledge of the clinical anatomy and function of the respiratory system is essential for the safe, efficient, and appropriate perioperative management of intubation, mechanical ventilation, and anesthesia for the thoracic surgical patient.
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